Principles of Heat Transmission

An important aspect of fire control is the need to prevent it from spreading from one room into another (particularly escape routes). Heat is transmitted and fire spreads by:

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Direct Contact

CONDUCTION:

Conduction explains the change in warm within a strong material from warmer to chilly parts. Different materials perform warm at different rates: 

Metals perform warm well, e.g. once warm gets to a metal architectural member it will be performed quickly along it; and stones and tangible will perform warm at a much low cost.

If a metal joist or line goes through a walls or floor it may become the road by which sufficient warm can pass to start fire in nearby rooms. In the same way a non-­combustible walls or roof may become so hot that warm will be performed through it even though it does not get rid of itself.

CONVECTION:

Hot air rises in currents causing the build-­up of hot gases under the ceiling. It also passes easily through small gaps. The air in a burning room can exceed 1000°C. Air at this temperature will quickly allow a fire to spread from one room to another, passing through gaps around ill-­fitting doors or where cables /pipes pass through ceilings, etc. It is estimated that convection accounts for approximately 75% of the heat spread of the majority of fires.

RADIATION:

Heat can be radiated through the air causing heating of materials at a distance from the fire. One of the reasons why a fire develops so quickly in an enclosed space is that radiated heat causes other parts of the room to heat rapidly. Materials that are not in contact with flames will reach their flash point (i.e. the temperature at which they give off sufficient gas/ vapour to be ignited).

DIRECT CONTACT:

In their early stages most fires spread almost entirely by direct burning between a flame and a combustible material, which heats up and eventually ignites. As they get hotter the materials liberate flammable vapours and these also ignite. These materials then transfer heat to other materials by radiation, conduction and convection as well as by direct contact with the flame.

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Reasons Why Spread Fire - Fire and Safety

Reasons Why Spread Fire ?

1. Failure of Early Detection
2. Absence of Compartments in Building Structure
3. Compartments Undermined
4. Materials Inappropriately Stored 
   

1. Failure of Early Detection

Early detection of fire spread can be delayed by:

• No detection system or patrols
• No alarm system in place
• People not knowing or confusing the sound of the alarm
• Not promptly extinguished due to no hoses or extinguishers
• Fire Starts in Unoccupied area
• Fire Starts out of normal work hours
• Numerous hot working tasks conducted - therefore smells of burning ignored

2. Absence of Compartments in Building Structure
Fire spread within a building can result from an absence of compartments:

• Open plan office
• False ceilings
• The structure under construction or alteration is complete and has reduced separation between levels and/or sections on a level.

3. Compartments Undermined
Fire Spread within a building can result compartments being undermined:

• Fire doors wedged open
• Poor maintenance of door structure
• Holes may be designed to pass through compartments and are waiting fitment of services and subsequent sealing
• Holes cut for ducts or doorways or to provide temporary access to locate/remove equipment.
• Compartments may be progressively created in buildings under alteration, thus increasing the risk of fire spread.

4. Materials Inappropriately Stored
Inappropriate storage of materials can cause of fire spread:

• Flammable liquids not controlled - too much or in unsuitable containers.
• Boxes in corridors, under stairways or in access routes.
• Off cuts of wood and saw dust left in the area where work has taken place.
• Packing materials used in the process, such as shredded paper, polystyrene, bubble wrap, etc.,
• Pallets and plastic covering left near to ignition sources.

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USING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER

USING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER

P - Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher. The pin releases a locking mechanism
and will allow you to discharge the extinguisher.

A - Aim at the base of the fire, not the flames. This is important - in order to put out
the fire, you must extinguish the fuel.

S - Squeeze the lever slowly. This will release the extinguishing agent in the
extinguisher. If the handle is released, the discharge will stop.

S - Sweep from side to side. Using a sweeping motion, move the fire extinguisher
back and forth until the fire is completely out. Operate the extinguisher from a safe
distance, several feet away, and then move towards the fire once it starts to
diminish. Be sure to read the instructions on your fire extinguisher - different fire
extinguishers recommend operating them from different distances.

Remember: Aim at the base of the fire, not at the flames !

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Classification of fires

Classification of fires as per ISI 2190/1979

Class 'A' Fires

Fire including ignitable material, for example, wood, paper, fabric, elastic, plastic requiring the warmth retaining impacts of water, water arrangements.

Class 'B' Fires

This sort of fire includes combustible or ignitable fluids oils, petroleum items and comparable materials for annihilation, a covering impact is vital.

Class 'C' Fires

Which includes flammable gasses, substance under weight including liquified gasses. Here it is important to weaken the smoldering gasses at quick rate with an idle gas , Dry compound powder or co 2.

Class 'D' Fires

Fire including ignitable metals, for example, Sodium, magnesium, zinc, potassium. These blazing metal respond with water and water containing operators. These fire requires exceptional media to quench, for example, carbon-di-oxide unique dry chemical powder.

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