Fire Safety Courses in Chennai - POSHE

POSHE solutions is a recognized centre for learning internationally accredited course and having branches across globe, we are heading in providing safety education to create a safe workplace.

Globally recognized international safety training course provider POSHE offer Courses - IOSH, NEBOSH Certified Courses, IASP, HABC, BSC - British Safety Council and Govt. of India accredited diploma courses as follows:

• Advanced Diploma in Occupational Safety Health and Environmental Management (ADOSHEM)
• Diploma in Fire Engineering And Safety Management
• Diploma in Offshore Safety
• Diploma in Industrial Safety
• Diploma in Construction Safety
• Diploma in Environmental Safety
• Diploma in Food Safety
• Post Diploma in Fire &Safety Engineerings Techniques
• Diploma in Industrial Environmental Safety
• Diploma in Construction Safety Management
• Diploma in Industrial Safety Engineering

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Fire and Safety Engineering Course - POSHE

Fire and Safety Engineering Course as a career option is fast catching up with the students in India. Whereas in abroad, Safety is an integral part of most of university programs.

Fire Engineering and Safety Management is getting its underlying foundations quickly as a profession option in India. It is just in nowadays that a large portion of the general population of our nation are getting to know it, though in abroad fire engineering.

Job Prospects

• Fire Officer/Fire Protection Technician/Safety Supervisor,
• HSE Engineer/ HSE Advisor,
• Safety Officer / Safety Manager,
• HSE / EHS Officer/ Manager
• Fire Men / Officer Safety Steward
• Safety Assistant / Environmental Engineer

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STYLES OF SMOKE ALARMS

Battery Operated Smoke Alarms are the most common alarms found in residential homes. These alarms rely on a battery for power. The prices for these alarms can range from $1.00 to $100.00. 

Long Life Smoke Alarms with a 10-year, non replaceable lithium battery are available and easy to find. 

Hardwired with Battery Back Up Alarms are wired directly into your home's electrical system. The battery is a backup to ensure alarm works during power outages. 

Interconnected Hardwired Smoke Alarms with battery back up. These are the type of alarms that are required in all new homes. These alarms are wired together and when one alarm goes off all the alarms in the home will sound. 

Wireless Smoke Alarms with battery backup. These work like interconnected alarms and do not require wiring or an electrician to install. 

Voice Smoke Alarms have an alarm and a pre-recorded voice that may say, “Fire! Fire!” or similar message to alert occupants. There are studies showing that the traditional, high pitched siren of a standard smoke alarm cannot be heard by the hearing impaired and an alarm alone will may not awaken a child in deep sleep in time if at all. 

Vocal Smoke Alarms with an alarm and a recording device. The alarm allows you to record a personalized alarm message and provide personal escape instructions to your child, and have it replayed when the alarm sounds.

Vibrate or Shaker Smoke Alarms use a vibrating device to shake a bed or chair to awaken and alert a deep sleeper, a hearing impaired or deaf person. 

Strobe Alarms use an extra bright strobe light to alert a deep sleeper, the hearing impaired or deaf of a fire. Some strobe alarms also include a vibrator device. 

Dual Detectors come with the ability to alert occupants of smoke, Carbon Monoxide (CO), or hazardous gas. These detectors are cost efficient, but make sure you are aware of the recommended replacement life of the alarms/detectors. One draw back of dual detectors is that the Carbon Monoxide alarm generally needs to be replaced every 5 years (60 months) as well as natural and propane gas detectors.

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Source From www.excelsiorfire.org/

SMOKE ALARM - Photoelectric Detector

Photoelectric Detector react all the more rapidly to seething flames. Photoelectric smoke cautions sound when smoke particles meddle with and mirror the alert's light shaft that goes through the alert's recognition chamber. The nearness of suspended smoke particles in the chamber disperses the light pillar. This scattered light is recognized and sets off the alarm.

Smoldering fire frequently happen when smoking materials, for example, cigarettes, are left unattended. When all is said in done, they at first deliver negligible measures of flares what's more, bigger, unmistakable measures of smoke. 

Photoelectric models are most appropriate for parlors, rooms and kitchens. This is on account of these rooms regularly contain vast household items, for example, couches, seats, sleeping cushions, ledges, and so forth which will blaze gradually and make more seething smoke than flares. 

The decisions are not basic and will require extra research for you to do on your own. The one thing that is without a doubt - a working smoke caution is superior to a non-working caution or no smoke alert by any means.
In review, photoelectric detectors are:

• Fastest type to respond to Smoldering Fires and white or Gray Smoke
• Less prone to Nisance Alarms from Cooking 

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SMOKE ALARM - IONIZATION DETECTORS

SMOKE ALARM BASICS 
There are two common household types of smoke alarms: 

• Ionization Alarms
• Photoelectric Alarms

IONIZATION DETECTORS 

Ionization detectors react all the more rapidly to flaring flames with littler ignition particles. Ionization smoke cautions sound when electrically charged ("ionized") particles discharged in a fire meddle with the electrical current that courses through the caution's identification chamber. The disturbance in the present causes the smoke alert to sound.

Fires (flares) result from the start of things, for example, combustible fluids, wood then again paper; cooking mishaps; or from open flares, for example, candles that light different things. They deliver huge amounts of flares and lesser noticeable sums of smoke.

Ionization models are most appropriate for rooms that contain very burnable materials that can make flaring flames. These sorts of materials incorporate combustible fluids, daily papers, and paint cleaning arrangements.

In review, ionization detectors are:

• Fastest type to respond to flaming fires
• Lowest cost and most commonly sold

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Fire Facts

Fire is FAST – In under 30 seconds, a little fire can transform into a noteworthy fire. In minutes thick smoke can fill a house, and the house can be inundated on fire. Most private fire happens when individuals are sleeping. There is just time to get away. 

Fire is HOT – Heat is more undermining than flares. A fire's warmth alone can slaughter. Room temperatures in a fire can be 600 degrees at eye level. Breathing in super-hot air will singe your lips, mouth, throat, and lungs. 

Fire is DARK – Fire is not brilliant like an open air fire, it is contribute dark a structure fire. A fire begins brilliant, however rapidly creates dark smoke and finish dimness. The dark smoke can turn a house you have lived in for a considerable length of time into a disorientating labyrinth. Smoke ventures much speedier in front of the flares. 

Fire is TOXIC – Along with smoke, harmful gasses execute a bigger number of individuals than blazes. A great many people who kick the bucket in a fire never observe the blazes. Fire goes through the oxygen you need and creates noxious gasses that slaughter. Those gasses can make you lazy, disorientated, and shy of breath. The scentless, dismal vapor can hush you into an oblivious state. 

SAVE LIVES – Working smoke finders are the most critical intends to avert demise in a house fire. Smoke identifiers give an early cautioning permitting time for escape. The more locators you have in your home the prior the notice will be. Continuously take after the makes establishment guidelines.

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Flammable and Combustible Materials

Flammable and Combustible Materials

Ignitable liquids generate vapors that burn. Vapors may travel significant distances before reaching a heat source or build up in an enclosed space and cause an explosion. Minimizing the amount of fuel in your areas and properly storing materials you have, are two important ways of preventing fires.

Ignitable liquids are designated as flammable or combustible, depending on flash point and boiling point. Flammable and combustible materials are further designated as Class I or Class II. This is important, as different storage rules apply to each class.

All flammable and combustible liquids must be stored in approved, sealed containers. Approvedcontainers include the original (factory) container or designated safety can.

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Fire Safety Tips - Workplace

• Do not utilize electrical gear that is in poor condition or that has a harmed line. 
• Do not over-burden circuits or electrical lines, read makers determinations. 
• Utilize affirmed control bars rather than circuit splitters. 
• Keep all warmth delivering machines far from the divider and far from anything that may blaze.  
• Leave a lot of space for air to circle around gear that typically emits warm. 
• Guarantee little apparatuses, for example, warmers, fans and so forth are closed off before leaving the building. 
• Ensure all apparatuses, for example, espresso producers and hot plates, are killed when not being used. 
• Toasters and microwave broilers ought to be situated in kitchen regions as it were. 
• Maintain a strategic distance from profound fat broiling, or utilize an indoor regulator controlled apparatus and never abandon it unattended. 
• Keep every single flammable material, for example, paper towels and fabrics, at a protected separation from warmth sources. 
• Keep stockpiling zones, stairway arrivals and other out-of-way areas free of waste paper, exhaust containers, filthy clothes and other material that could fuel a fire. 
• Guarantee office entryways and subordinate office entryways, for instance, document room and lobby entryways, are shut while leaving the building. 
• Guarantee warm registers are clear of burnable things, for example, paper at all times.

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Common Causes of Fire in Businesses

Open Flames

• negligence in conducting hot work, such as welding, cutting or grinding; 
• improper use of candles;
• improper handling of flammable or combustible liquids or flammable gases in near-to-potential ignition sources; and
• matches and cigarettes that are improperly disposed of, or left unattended near combustibles.

Electrical

• damaged electrical conductors, plug wires or extension cords;
• use of faulty, modified or unapproved electrical equipment;
• insufficient space or clearance between electrical heating equipment and combustibles;
• short or overloaded circuits;
• loose electrical connections; and lighting.

Cooking

• deep frying in pots or pans on stove tops;
• unattended cooking appliances; and
• combustibles located dangerously close to cooking equipment.

Spontaneous Ignition and the Ignition of Waste Materials

• improper disposal of materials susceptible to spontaneous combustion, such as oily rags from wood finishing or polishing;
• accumulation of organic materials, such as green hay, grain or woodchips; and
• accumulation of waste combustible materials near potential sources of ignition.

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Gas Safety

Gas through the mains is highly dangerous and explosive if not used correctly.

• Only competent persons can touch either gas installations or gas-fuelled equipment.
• They must be Corgi Registered to carry out the tasks required (Domestic or Commercial).

Control measures include:

• Having a gas leak (or suspected gas leak) procedure
• Equipment must be regularly serviced
• All defects to equipment or installations must be reported - may need to follow gas leak procedures
• The gas shut off valve (which switches off the main gas supply) must be in an accessible position
• The room or area in which the gas appliance is situated must have good ventilation
• The equipment must be sited/used in a well-lit area
• Staff must receive information, instruction and training

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Electrical Safety

Approximately 30 people at work die every year as a result of electrocution. The majority of these deaths are caused by contact with overhead or underground cables.

The main hazards from electricity:

Electric shock - the effect on the body and central nervous system produced by the passage of the electric current. Common cause of death is ventricular fibrillation (spasm of the heart muscle). The vascular system ceases to function and the victim dies of suffocation. It’s the current that kills.

Burns - a current passing through a conductor (the person) produces heat. Burns can be caused by contact with hot conductors, e.g. metal, or by the passage of the electric current through the body.

Explosions - electrical short-circuiting or sparking from the electrical contacts in switches or other equipment. There needs to be combustible material, e.g. flammable vapours, dusts or gas.

Eye injuries - exposure to ultraviolet rays from accidental arcing in a process such as welding

Accumulators and batteries - hydrogen gas may be produced as a by-product of battery charging. This results in a potentially explosive atmosphere.

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Causes of Fire

Electrical equipment - arcing, sparks, hot surfaces created by defective electrical equipment.

Spontaneous ignition - when some liquids are heated or sprayed onto a hot surface, they may ignite without an ignition source being present

Spontaneous combustion - when materials react with oxygen an exothermic reaction takes place, i.e. heat is emitted. May cause the material to ignite or burst into flames

Smoking - discarded smoking materials. Smoking in dangerous areas, e.g. flammable vapours present

Sparks - act as a source of ignition. Friction between surfaces where a machine contact a fixed part or two surfaces rubbing or sliding together during machine operation, e.g. grinders

Hot work - welding, soldering, hot cutting, brazing. Source of ignition, be careful where flammable vapours are present. Permit to work system is necessary when not in a workshop

Static electricity - electrostatic charging is produced by induction or friction, the charge can be carried away from the source, accumulated charge can be a source of ignition

Vehicles - maintenance and parking areas. Diesel and petrol engines, emissions, and hot surfaces, e.g. exhaust system can be a source of ignition

Open flames - many sources, e.g. boilers, furnaces, portable heating appliances, pilot lights. Poorly maintained or incorrectly used equipment can be a source of ignition

Lightning - source of ignition, protection by direct earthing

Arson - high-risk, e.g. 75% of school fires are caused by arson

Lack of management systems - no appropriate detection systems, means of raising the alarm. Poor housekeeping, no training etc.

Chemical reactions

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Fire Tender

A water tender, also known as a tanker in some regions, is a specialized firefighting apparatus designed for transporting water from a water source to a fire scene. Water tenders are capable of drafting water from a stream, lake or hydrant.

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Fire Branches

The purpose of the branch is to increase the velocity of water and may be defined as "a metal fittings between hose and the nozzle that converts pressure energy into velocity energy to provide the nozzle a solid jet-of water for fire fighting."

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TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Portable fire extinguishers are also known as chemical fire extinguishers or First Aid Fire Fighting Appliances.

These extinguishers are highly useful to prevent a small fire from becoming a big one, provided these are used when the fire is just in its starting stage, say within first five minutes. These are light weight, small in size which can be easily carried by hand.

Larger models of certain types are also available which are known as "engines". These are mounted on trolleys, which can be moved manually or toed to motor vehicles.

• Water Type Extinguishers
• Foam Extinguishers
• Dry Chemical Powder Extinguishers
• Halon Extinguishers
• Carbon dioxide Extinguishers

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Flame Detection & Heat Detection

Flame Detection, Photoelectric cells detect the emission of infra‐red /ultra-­violet radiation.

Flammable Gas Detection, Flammable gas detectors measure the amount of flammable gas in the atmosphere and compare the value with a reference value. When this is exceeded the gas supply valve is closed an alarm is actuated.

Heat Detection, Heat detection can be used as a means of actuating a mechanical control or sprinkler system. The disadvantage of heat detection is that toxic smoke can be evolved from burning materials long before sufficient heat is generated to trigger the mechanism. These systems are rarely relied upon as a means of raising the alarm, however where fires raise little smoke, e.g. solvent fires, fixed temperature or rate of rise detectors can be used.

Fusible links are sensors operated by the melting of a metal (fusion detectors), e.g. used to open automatic smoke vents and close ventilation system dampers and shutters; or expansion of a solid, liquid or gas (thermal expansion detectors), e.g. to actuate sprinkler systems.

Figure: Thermal Expansion, Fusible Solder Link Sprinkler Head

Figure: Thermal Expansion, Quartzoid Bulb Sprinkler Head

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Fire Detection & Smoke Detection

Fire Detection
The earlier a fire can be detected, the more time there is for occupants to escape and the better are the chances of extinguishing or at least containing the fire. A wide range of devices exists for detecting either heat or smoke.

Smoke Detection
Smoke is usually the first detectable sign of any carbonaceous fire, therefore, smoke detectors are most frequently used unless there are problems with steam or dust, etc., which may trigger false alarms.

Ionising detectors operate when smoke enters the detector and it absorbs ions, reducing the flow of electrical current. These devices are very sensitive to smoke and may be triggered by cigarette smoke and dust, etc.

Light scatter detectors operate when smoke scatters a beam of light.

Obscuration detectors operate when smoke enters the detector preventing light from reaching a photoelectric cell.


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Common Fire Detection and Alarm System

MANUAL SYSTEMS:
Manual systems are suitable for small workplaces and involve the use of the following basic devices:

• Rotary Gongs – which are sounded by turning a handle around the rim of the gong.
• Hand Strikers – for example, iron triangles suspended from a wall accompanied by a metal bar which is used to strike the triangle manually.
• Hand bells.
• Whistles.
• Air-­horns.

These devices are normally located on the walls of corridors, entrance halls and staircase landings, etc., where they are readily available to anyone who may have to raise an alarm. While these types of manual systems provide for an alarm over a limited area, operation of one of them is rarely adequate to give a general alarm throughout the premises. Also, as a person is required to operate them, a continuous alarm cannot be guaranteed for as long as may be necessary.

In order to raise a more general alarm it is also possible to use facilities which may already be installed in a building for other purposes – for example, a telephone or public address system. With automatic telephone systems, arrangements can be made for a particular dialling code to be reserved for reporting a fire to a person responsible for calling the fire brigade and sounding the general alarm. Alternatively it can be arranged that use of the code automatically sounds the general alarm.

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Means of Fighting Fire

And also providing fire extinguishers for hot work, fire extinguishers should be located at determined fire points surrounding the site. The extinguishers should be appropriate to the size of the potential fire:

• wood, paper and cloth – water extinguisher;

• flammable liquids – dry powder or foam extinguisher;

• electrical – carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguisher

Nominated people should be trained in the way to use extinguishers.

If the building being worked in is occupied (eg an office, hotel or hospital), make sure the work does not interfere with the escape route from the building, or any type of fire splitting up, alarms, dry risers, or sprinkler systems. Check this with the building occupier or the Fire Atelier.

Fire doors should never be locked, left wide open or removed. Keep existing wet and dry risers ready for use and install any new ones as soon as possible.

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Precautions to prevent fires

The following precautions should be taken to prevent fires:

• use less-easily ignited and fewer flammable materials, eg use water-based or low-solvent glues and paint;
• keep the quantity of flammables at the workplace to a minimum;
• always keep and carry flammable liquids in suitable closed containers;
• have an extinguisher to hand when doing hot work such as welding or using a disc cutter that produces sparks;
• check the site at lunch time and at the end of the day to see that all plant and equipment that could cause a fire is turned off. Stop hot working an hour before people go home, as this will allow more time for smouldering fires to be identified; and
• provide closed metal containers to collect rubbish and remove them from the site regularly. Collect highly flammable waste such as solvent-soaked rags separately in closed fire-resisting containers.

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